Wednesday 4 December 2013

CSS : CENTER ALIGNING BY MARGIN PROPERTY


Center Aligning Using the margin Property

Block elements can be aligned by setting the left and right margins to "auto".

HINT: Using margin:auto will not work in IE8 and earlier, unless a !DOCTYPE is declared.

Setting the left and right margins to auto specifies that they should split the available margin equally. The result is a centered element:


Example

.center
{
margin-left:auto;
margin-right:auto;
width:70%;
background-color:#b0e0e6;
}





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CSS : LEFT and RIGHT ALINGNING BY FLOAT PROPERTY


Left and Right Aligning Using the float Property

One method of aligning elements is to use the float property:


Example

.right
{
float:right;
width:300px;
background-color:#b0e0e6;
}




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CSS : CROSS BROWSER COMPATIBILITY


Crossbrowser Compatibility Issues

When aligning elements like this, it is always a good idea to predefine margin and padding for the <body> element. This is to avoid visual differences in different browsers.
There is a problem with IE8 and earlier when using the float property. If the !DOCTYPE declaration is missing, IE8 and earlier versions will add a 17px margin on the right side. This seems to be space reserved for a scrollbar. Always set the !DOCTYPE declaration when using the float property:


Example

body
{
margin:0;
padding:0;
}
.right
{
float:right;
width:300px;
background-color:#b0e0e6;
}




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CSS : MULTIPLE PSEUDO CLASSES

Multiple Pseudo-elements

 Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.
In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:


Example

p:first-letter
{
color:#ff0000;
font-size:xx-large;
}
p:first-line 
{
color:#0000ff;
font-variant:small-caps;
}






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CSS : FLOATING LIST ITEMS


Floating List Items

In the example above the links have different widths.
For all the links to have an equal width, float the <li> elements and specify a width for the <a> elements:


Example

li
{
float:left;
}
a
{
display:block;
width:60px;
}

Example explained:
  • float:left - use float to get block elements to slide next to each other
  • display:block - Displaying the links as block elements makes the whole link area clickable (not just the text), and it allows us to specify the width
  • width:60px - Since block elements take up the full width available, they cannot float next to each other.   
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CSS : HORIZONTAL NAVIGATION BAR


Horizontal Navigation Bar

There are two ways to create a horizontal navigation bar. Using inline or floating list items.
Both methods work fine, but if you want the links to be the same size, you have to use the floating method.

Inline List Items

One way to build a horizontal navigation bar is to specify the <li> elements as inline, in addition to the "standard" code above:

Example

li
{
display:inline;
}
Example explained:
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Tuesday 3 December 2013

CSS : ALL CSS PSEUDO CLASSES/ELEMENTS


All CSS Pseudo Classes/Elements


Selector
Example
Example description
:link
a:link
Selects all unvisited links
:visited
a:visited
Selects all visited links
:active
a:active
Selects the active link
:hover
a:hover
Selects links on mouse over
:focus
input:focus
Selects the input element which has focus
:first-letter
p:first-letter
Selects the first letter of every <p> element
:first-line
p:first-line
Selects the first line of every <p> element
:first-child
p:first-child
Selects every <p> elements that is the first child of its parent
:before
p:before
Insert content before every <p> element
:after
p:after
Insert content after every <p> element



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CSS :BEFORE PSEUDO ELEMENT


CSS - The :before Pseudo-element

The ":before" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content before the content of an element.
The following example inserts an image before each <h1> element:

Example

h1:before 
{
content:url(smiley.gif);
}





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CSS : AFTER PSEUDO ELEMENT


CSS - The :after Pseudo-element

The ":after" pseudo-element can be used to insert some content after the content of an element.
The following example inserts an image after each <h1> element:


Example

h1:after
{
content:url(smiley.gif);
}





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CSS : MULTIPLE PSEUDO ELEMENTS


Multiple Pseudo-elements

Several pseudo-elements can also be combined.
In the following example, the first letter of a paragraph will be red, in an xx-large font size. The rest of the first line will be blue, and in small-caps. The rest of the paragraph will be the default font size and color:


Example

p:first-letter
{
color:#ff0000;
font-size:xx-large;
}
p:first-line 
{
color:#0000ff;
font-variant:small-caps;
}






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CSS : PSEUDO-ELEMENTS AND CSS CLASSES


Pseudo-elements and CSS Classes

Pseudo-elements can be combined with CSS classes: 
p.article:first-letter {color:#ff0000;}

<p class="article">A paragraph in an article</p>
The example above will display the first letter of all paragraphs with class="article", in red.






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CSS : FIRST-LETTER PSEUDO-ELEMENT


The :first-letter Pseudo-element

The "first-letter" pseudo-element is used to add a special style to the first letter of a text:


Example

p:first-letter 
{
color:#ff0000;
font-size:xx-large;
}

Note: The "first-letter" pseudo-element can only be used with block-level elements.
Note: The following properties apply to the "first-letter" pseudo- element: 
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Thursday 28 November 2013

Simple Cycle Power Plants (Open Cycle)

Simple Cycle Power Plants (Open Cycle)

The modern power gas turbine is a high-technology package that is comprised of a compressor, combustor, power turbine, and generator, as shown in the figure "Simple-Cycle Gas Turbine".
http://enginegearclutch.blogspot.in/
In a gas turbine, large volumes of air are compressed to high pressure in a multistage compressor for distribution to one or more combustion gases from the combustion chambers power an axial turbine that drives the compressor and the generator before exhausting to atmosphere. In this way, the combustion gases in a gas turbine power the turbine directly, rather than requiring heat transfer to a water/steam cycle to power a steam turbine, as in the steam plant. The latest gas turbine designs use turbine inlet temperatures of 1,500C (2,730F) and compression ratios as high as 30:1 (for aeroderivatives) giving thermal efficiencies of 35 percent or more for a simple-cycle gas turbine.





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