Showing posts with label Air preheater. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Air preheater. Show all posts

Friday, 22 November 2013

Condenser

The functions of the condenser are to desuperheat the high pressure gas, condense
it and also sub-cool the liquid.
Heat from the hot refrigerant gas is rejected in the condenser to the condensing
medium-air or water. Air and water are chosen because they are naturally
available. Their normal temperature range is satisfactory for condensing
refrigerants.
Like the evaporator, the condenser is also heat exchange equipment







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Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler


Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
Most operational boiler of this type is of the Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion. (AFBC). This involves little more than adding a fluidized bed combustor to a conventional shell boiler. Such systems have similarly being installed in conjunction with conventional water tube boiler.
Coal is crushed to a size of 1 – 10 mm depending on the rank of coal, type of fuel fed to the combustion chamber. The atmospheric air, which acts as both the fluidization and combustion air, is delivered at a pressure, after being preheated by the exhaust fuel gases. The in-bed tubes carrying water generally act as the evaporator. The gaseous products of combustion pass over the super heater sections of the boiler flow past the economizer, the dust collectors and the air preheater before being exhausted to atmosphere.

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler

Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler
In Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) type, a compressor supplies the Forced Draft (FD) air and the combustor is a pressure vessel. The heat release rate in the bed is proportional to the bed pressure and hence a deep bed is used to extract large amount of heat. This will improve the combustion efficiency and sulphur dioxide absorption in the bed. The steam is generated in the two tube bundles, one in the bed and one above it. Hot flue gases drive a power generating gas turbine. The PFBC system can be used for cogeneration (steam and electricity) or combined cycle power
generation. The combined cycle operation (gas turbine &
steam turbine) improves the overall conversion efficiency by
 5 to 8%.

Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers (CFBC)


Atmospheric Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Boilers (CFBC)
In a circulating system the bed parameters are so maintained as to promote solids elutriation from the bed. They are lifted in a relatively dilute phase in a solids riser, and a down-comer with a cyclone provides a return path for the solids. There are no steam generation tubes immersed in the bed. Generation and super heating of steam takes place in the convection section, water walls, at the exit of the riser.
CFBC boilers are generally more economical than AFBC boilers for industrial application requiring more than 75 – 100 T/hr of steam. For large units, the taller furnace characteristics of CFBC boilers offers better space utilization, greater fuel particle and sorbent residence time for efficient combustion and SO2 capture, and easier application of staged combustion techniques for NOx control than AFBC steam generators.

Stoker Fired Boilers


Stoker Fired Boilers
Stokers are classified according to the method of feeding fuel to the furnace and by the type of grate. The main classifications are spreader stoker and chain-gate or traveling-gate stoker.
Spreader Stokers
Spreader stokers utilize a combination of suspension burning and grate burning. The coal is continually fed into the furnace above a burning bed of coal. The coal fines are burned in suspension; the larger particles fall to the grate, where they are burned in a thin, fast-burning coal bed. This method of firing provides good flexibility to meet load fluctuations, since ignition is almost instantaneous when firing rate is increased. Due to this, the spreader stoker is favored over other types of stokers in many industrial applications.


Chain-grate or Traveling-grate Stoker


Chain-grate or Traveling-grate Stoker
Coal is fed onto one end of a moving steel grate. As grate moves along the length of the furnace, the coal burns before dropping off at the end as ash. Some degree of skill is required, particularly when setting up the grate, air dampers and baffles, to ensure clean combustion leaving the minimum of unburnt carbon in the ash.
The coal-feed hopper runs along the entire coal-feed end of the furnace. A coal gate is used to control the rate at which coal is fed into the furnace by controlling the thickness of the fuel bed. Coal must be uniform in size as large lumps will not burn out completely by the time they reach the end of the grate.

Waste Heat Boiler

Waste Heat Boiler


Wherever the waste heat is available at medium or high temperatures, a waste heat boiler can be installed economically. Wherever the steam demand is more than the steam generated during waste heat, auxiliary fuel burners are also used. If there is no direct use of steam, the steam may be let down in a steam turbine-generator set and power produced from it. It is widely used in the heat recovery from exhaust gases from gas turbines and diesel engines.




                          



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Pulverized Fuel Boiler


Pulverized Fuel Boiler
Most coal-fired power station boilers use pulverized coal, and many of the larger industrial water-tube boilers also use this pulverized fuel. This technology is well developed, and there are thousands of units around the world, accounting for well over 90% of coal-fired capacity.
The coal is ground (pulverized) to a fine powder, so that less than 2% is +300 micro meter (μm) and 70-75% is below 75 microns, for a bituminous coal. It should be noted that too fine a powder is wasteful of grinding mill power. On the other hand, too coarse a powder does not burn completely in the combustion chamber and results in higher unburnt losses.
The pulverized coal is blown with part of the combustion air into the boiler plant through a series of burner nozzles. Secondary and tertiary air may also be added. Combustion takes place at temperatures from 1300-1700°C, depending largely on coal grade. Particle residence time in the boiler is typically 2 to 5 seconds, and the particles must be small enough for complete combustion to have taken place during this time.
This system has many advantages such as ability to fire varying quality of coal, quick responses to changes in load, use of high pre-heat air temperatures etc.

Thursday, 21 November 2013

Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler

Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC) Boiler
 
Fluidized bed combustion (FBC) has emerged as a viable alternative and has significant advantages over conventional firing system and offers multiple benefits – compact boiler design, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency and reduced emission of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx. The fuels burnt in these boilers include coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse & other agricultural wastes. The fluidized bed boilers have a wide capacity range- 0.5 T/hr to over 100 T/hr.
When an evenly distributed air or gas is passed upward through a finely divided bed of solid particles such as sand supported on a fine mesh, the particles are undisturbed at low velocity. As air velocity is gradually increased, a stage is reached when the individual particles are suspended in the air stream – the bed is called “fluidized”.
With further increase in air velocity, there is bubble formation, vigorous turbulence, rapid mixing and formation of dense defined bed surface. The bed of solid particles exhibits the properties of a boiling liquid and assumes the appearance of a fluid – “bubbling fluidized bed”.
If sand particles in a fluidized state is heated to the ignition temperatures of coal, and coal is injected continuously into the bed, the coal will burn rapidly and bed attains a uniform temperature. The fluidized bed combustion (FBC) takes place at about 840 OC to 950 OC. Since this temperature is much below the ash fusion temperature, melting of ash and associated problems are avoided.
The lower combustion temperature is achieved because of high coefficient of heat transfer due to rapid mixing in the fluidized bed and effective extraction of heat from the bed through in-bed heat transfer tubes and walls of the bed. The gas velocity is maintained between minimum fluidisation velocity and particle entrainment velocity. This ensures stable operation of the bed and avoids particle entrainment in the gas stream.


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Packaged Boiler



Packaged Boiler
The packaged boiler is so called because it comes as a complete package. Once delivered to site, it requires only the steam, water pipe work, fuel supply and electrical connections to be made for it to become operational. Package boilers are generally of shell type with fire tube design so as to achieve high heat transfer rates by both radiation and convection.
The features of package boilers are:
  • Small combustion space and high heat release rate resulting in faster evaporation.
  • Large number of small diameter tubes leading to good convective heat transfer.
  • Forced or induced draft systems resulting in good combustion efficiency.
  • Number of passes resulting in better overall heat transfer.
  • Higher thermal efficiency levels compared with other boilers.
These boilers are classified based on the number of passes - the number of times the hot combustion gases pass through the boiler. The combustion chamber is taken, as the first pass after which there may be one, two or three sets of fire-tubes. The most common boiler of this class is a three-pass unit with two sets of fire-tubes and with the exhaust gases exiting through the rear of the boiler.



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Water Tube Boiler


Water Tube Boiler
 
In water tube boiler, boiler feed water flows through the tubes and enters the boiler drum. The circulated water is heated by the combustion gases and converted into steam at the vapour space in the drum. These boilers are selected when the steam demand as well as steam pressure requirements are high as in the case of process cum power boiler / power boilers.
Most modern water boiler tube designs are within the capacity range 4,500 – 120,000 kg/hour of steam, at very high pressures. Many water tube boilers nowadays are of “packaged” construction if oil and /or gas are to be used as fuel. Solid fuel fired water tube designs are available but packaged designs are less common.
The features of water tube boilers are:
  • Forced, induced and balanced draft provisions help to improve combustion efficiency.
  • Less tolerance for water quality calls for water treatment plant.
  • Higher thermal efficiency levels are possible


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Fire Tube Boiler

Fire Tube Boiler
In fire tube boiler, hot gases pass through the tubes and boiler feed water in the shell side is converted into steam. Fire tube boilers are generally used for relatively small steam capacities and low to medium steam pressures. As a guideline, fire tube boilers are competitive for steam rates up to 12,000 kg/hour and pressures up to 18 kg/cm2. Fire tube boilers are available for operation with oil, gas or solid fuels. For economic reasons, most fire tube boilers are nowadays of “packaged” construction (i.e. manufacturers shop erected) for all fuels.


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What type of boiler do you need?

When choosing between boilers there are several things to consider. The size of your boiler, the type, construction and energy efficiency will all have an impact on your home and your energy bills. Take some time to consider your options and think carefully about which boiler to choose.

Conventional boilers
Conventional boilers use a storage tank to supply hot water. The water is heated via cast iron heat exchangers and combination boilers can supply gallons of hot water at one time. Once the stored hot water runs out, there may be a delay in supply as the tank refills.
Conventional boilers tend to require more space than combination boilers as the hot water cylinder requires connection with a cold water storage tank that will typically be placed in the loft. This also means that installation is often more complicated than with a combination boiler.
Older models of conventional boilers tended to be less energy efficient, but advances have been made and newer models can be adjusted to match the specific heating requirements of your home.
British Gas offer a range of conventional boilers including compact systems that can easily be fitted into most modern kitchens.

Combination boilers
Combination boilers, or combi boilers, supply water directly from the mains without the need for a storage tank. As a result, combination boilers supply hot water on demand in unlimited supply.
Combination boilers are ideal for smaller properties where space is at a premium.
Combi boilers also provide water at mains pressure, meaning you can enjoy a strong, hot shower without the need for an additional shower pump.
Combination boilers from British Gas include condensing technology and an ECO mode, both of which improve your control over water heating by maintaining boiler temperature whilst in standby mode.




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Boiler

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.


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Disc mill type Pulverizer

Disc mill type Pulverizer- Economic pulverizing of plastic granules          
Our pulverizing systems, are high capacity systems for the profitable pulverizing of thermoplastic and other heat sensitive materials such as LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE and HDPE, as well as other heat sensitive thermoplastics such as PP and EVA without the added cooling of nitrogen.

Our  pulverizing systems produce quality powders with excellent flow properties and bulk densities nd are mainly used for the following applications:

    Pulverization of rigid PVC (pipe and profile granules)
    Pulverization of PE for Rotomolding
    Pulverization of PE for textile and metal coating
    Pulverization of PP for fiber manufacture
    Pulverization of compounds for floor coverings

This Pulverize machine is simple, clearly arranged and operates with a further developed screening machine. The advantages for the customer are obvious:

    Quality powders with best possible flow properties and high bulk density
    High throughput capacity at low specific power consumption
    Fully automatic, continuous operation

Low demands on operating personnel






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Concept of Rotational Moulding with Pulverizing Machine

Concept of Rotational Moulding with Pulverizing Machine

Rotational Moulding needs resin in pulverized form. The particle size, shape and particle size distribution is measure of powder quality. Powder quality plays a very important role in rotational moulding.

Following are the resultant effects of the good quality powder:

    Optimization of the charge weight to meet rising competition
    Improved finish an color of the product
    Reduced fusion time
    Multi layered and foamed tanks

Realizing the extraordinary needs of the rotational molders engineers at N.A. Group of Companies set out to expand the next generation pulveriser. To attain the above objective pulveriser must have following features.

    Ability and control to give uniform and consistent Powder Quality
    Power required should be low
    Cooling of grinding element must be sufficient and effective
    High out put
    Minimum down time
    Ability to run the machine un attended
    All system protections so that down time is Low

Easy to clean , user friendly operation





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The Plastic Granulator

The Plastic Granulator



The Plastic Granulator is the most universal type of pulverizer used with plastic recycling. It is capable of turning jugs, large bottles, and other plastic products into flakes, which are referred to as granules. These granules are then sold to manufacturers in order to be remolded into new products.

Plastic Granulator is basically a large electric motor with a rotor. The motor rotates the rotor, which contains cutting blades. The motor, the rotor and the blades are all located inside a closed chamber in which the plastic is positioned. The blades and the chambers of plastic granulators are accessible in different sizes and shapes with the purpose of assemble different needs.



There is also a screen situated inside the chamber of plastic granulator. This screen sifts the plastic in order to ensure all of the parts are small enough to be reprocessed, which normally ranges from .125 to .375 inches. If any parts that are too large to in shape through the screen are processed once more within the plastic granulator.



The efficiency of a plastic granulator is based upon how a large amount plastic it can shred in one hour, which is referred to as its pounds per hour rating. For engineering recycling purposes, the plastic granulator needs to be very large to process considerable amounts of plastic. There are, however, smaller plastic granulators available for home utilization. No matter the size, Plastic Granulators can be dangerous. Therefore, it is essential to always follow the manufacturer's instructions when using a plastic granulator.


A plastic granulator also must be kept clean to remain capable. Generally, the screen situated inside the chamber of plastic granulator is cleaned out after each large processing. Otherwise, pieces of plastic can get stuck in the screening and stop other granules from falling through. The blades of the plastic granulator also require being wiped dirt free and oiled to maintain plastic granulator running efficiently.



 
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Advantages of Plastic Pulveriser

Advantages of Plastic Pulveriser or Pulverizer in engineering reprocessing are as follows:

    Low residence time means lower thermal stress on the process material
    Heavy-duty construction for longevity
    Ease of maintenance
    Ease of operation
    Full inventory of replacement parts
    Can cool the processing of heat- sensitivity materials by water cycle system
    High through put capabilities
    Cost effective operation
    Low specific power consumption
    Powder quality according to specification

The models of pulverizing machine ensure the production of pulverized material from plastic granules for the manufacturing of high quality final products. Our Plastic pulverizer can pulverize LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE and various thermoplastic materials and can offer to develop other kinds of pulverize for different materials on request.

Pulverizers are available in various configurations like single mill, double mill, horizontals mill with various designs, sizes and shapes of pulverizer blades.

The Pulverizer constitutes of high quality, maintenance-free, efficient components, like the Pulverizer Blade. The Pulverizers have very special designs and are being approved by our in-house quality control and testing departments after going through rigorous tests and routine check-up procedures.





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Plastic Pulverizer

                
Plastic Pulverizer     
In plastic reprocessing after the types of plastic separated is a Mechanical processing to run the plastic through the Pulverizer. Pulverizer or Pulveriser crushes the plastic into tiny shreds or granules. Plastic pulverizer is the particular equipment for recycling disused insignificant materials in producing and grinding heat-sensitivity plastic such as PVC.

Pulverizer includes high output units which can be equipped with automatic temperature control. The material to be pulverized is fed centrally between a fixed and a high speed rotating pulveriser disc with centrifugal effect carrying the material through the processing zone before being discharged from the machine pneumatically.

Several different types of pulverizer machines are used to smash down other materials, such as rock, glass, wood, metals, and cement. When it comes to plastic, the three primary types of pulverizers are granulators, shredders, and ring mills.


A granulator operates thousands of evenly spaced blades in order to shred or granule the plastic into finely pulverized objects. After it is pulverized, it can be melted and reformed.

A shredder is similar to a granulator in that it contains evenly spaced blades, though these blades cut the plastic into strips. Some cut both vertically and horizontally in order to produce square shaped plastic pieces.

A ring mill, on the other hand, has a large, steel rolling blade. This blade chops and grinds the plastic that is placed inside the roller. After it has been ground up to the desired size, it falls through the small holes located beneath the rolling blade.Fig shows Ring mill





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Pulverizer

What is Pulverizer?          

Pulverizer machines are used to smash materials into tiny shards or granules. Pulverizer machines can crush all types of items, including plastic, glass, aluminum, concrete, coal, rock, resin, tires, and medical waste. Pulverizer machines come in a number of different forms. Hammer mills, ring mills, double roll crushers, granulators, impactors, and shredders are all forms of pulverizer machines. Pulverizer is used in plastic industry for Plastics Pulverizing Including PVC Recycling, Rotational Molding, Compounding and Master batching.

The Naroto range of pulverizer ensures the production of pulverized material from plastic granules for the manufacturing of high quality final products. Pulverizer can pulverize LDPE, LLDPE, HDPE and various thermoplastic materials and other kinds of pulverize for different materials.

Pulverisers has fully automatic operations with predetermined sequence of operations such as Automatic granule lifter, Automatic on and off feeder, Automatic controls of mill temperature etc. The Pulverizer constitutes of high quality, maintenance-free, efficient components.

Pulverizers are available in various configurations like Single Mill Pulverizer, Twin Mill Pulverizer (Dual Mill Pulverizer) with various designs, sizes and shapes of pulverizer blades.

In Plastic Industry, there are need for advanced technology and improvements, reduced maintenance and higher production rates. We incorporated these requirements into all our pulverizing machines. We are supplying the latest in pulverizing technology and auxiliary equipment to the rotational molding industry.

The steadily increasing demand for powders of plastic, rubber,

or minerals of any kind as well as the constantly expanding quality requirements with regards to flow ability, bulk density, particle size distribution and grain structure, pulverizing systems is the best solution. 

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Physics basic inventions and inventors

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