Squeeze Casting

The process is suitable for components with relatively thick wall sections with high mechanical properties, as for example required of safety components in automotive engineering. The cast components can be welded and heattreated, and they can be produced with near net shape. Aluminum alloys can be used which are difficult or impossible to produce by standard die casting.

Buhler selectively utilizes the advantages of the horizontal shot sleeve system.
Advantages using Buhler machines

• The velocity and pressure intensification profile matched to the component geometry can be programmed in very many discrete steps. Real time control maintains these parameters constant.
• Depending on the type of shot unit selected, it is possible to generate high pressure intensification values during the solidification phase.

Your benefits
• Low capital investment, as no special-purpose machines are required.
• Entering of future-oriented market segments using existing SC machines.
• Low maintenance and training requirements thanks to unified machine and die ranges.

Sandy loam soils

Sandy loam soils are dominated by sand particles, but contain enough clay and sediment to provide some structure and fertility. There are four different types of sandy loam soil that are classified based on the size of the sand particles in the soil. You can determine whether your yard has this kind of soil using a simple test.

Classification

Sandy loam soils are broken down into four categories, including coarse sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam and very fine sandy loam. The size of the sand particles is measured in millimeters and their concentration in the soil is used to determine which category a soil falls under. Sandy loam soils are made of approximately 60 percent sand, 10 percent clay and 30 percent silt particles.

Characteristics

Sandy loam soils have visible particles of sand mixed into the soil. When sandy loams soils are compressed, they hold their shape but break apart easily. Sandy loam soils have a high concentration of sand that gives them a gritty feel. In gardens and lawns, sandy loam soils are capable of quickly draining excess water but can not hold significant amounts of water or nutrients for your plants. Plants grown in this type of soil will require more frequent irrigation and fertilization than soils with a higher concentration of clay and sediment. Sandy loam soils are often deficient in specific micronutrients and may require additional fertilization to support healthy plant growth.

Identification

You can quickly identify sandy loam soil based on its physical characteristics. Pick up a handful of dry soil and slowly dribble water onto it. Work the water into the soil with your hand until it has a smooth consistency similar to putty. Hold the soil in your hand as though you are holding a pipe straight up and down and squeeze it. Sandy loam soils have a very gritty texture. If your soil is a sandy loam, it will form a cohesive ribbon of soil as it squeezes out between your thumb and finger that will fall apart before it reaches one inch in length.

Considerations

Plants that are grown in a sandy loam soil need frequent irrigation and fertilization to maintain healthy growth. The best way to improve a sandy loam soil for gardening is to mix organic matter into the soil. Incorporating a 2- to 4-inch layer of compost or peat moss over the area can significantly improve the ability of your sandy loam soil to hold nutrients and water.

Green Sand

Greensand is a naturally occurring mineral mined from ocean deposits from a sedimentary rock known as "Glauconite". It is often an olive-green colored sandstone rock found in layers in many sedimentary rock formations.

Origin of Greensand
Greensand forms in anoxic (without oxygen) marine environments that are rich in organic detritus and low in sedimentary inputs. Some greensands contain marine fossils (i.e. New Jersey Greensand). Greensand has been found in deposits all over the world.
The greenish color comes from the mineral glauconite and iron potassium silicate that weathers and breaks down releasing the stored minerals. The color may range from a dark greenish gray, green-black to blue-green depending on the minerals and water content. It often weathers easily and forms nodules that have been oxidized with iron bearing minerals that has a reddish brown or rust color.
The major chemical description is ((K,Na)(Fe+3, Al, Mg)2(Si,Al)4O10(OH)2)
General chemical information:

Iron (Fe)	12-19%
Potassium (K)	5-7%
Silicon (Si)	25.0%
Oxygen (O)	45%
Magnesium (Mg)	2-3 %
Aluminum (Al)	1.9 %
Sodium (Na)	0.27%
Hydrogen (H)	0.47%

Over 30 other trace minerals and many micronutrients.

Types of Greensand
Glauconite is the name given to a group of naturally occurring iron rich silica minerals that may be composed of pellets or grains.
When glauconite is mined the upper layers that have weathered and become oxidized and minerals are released. These sometimes form pyrite a iron sulfide (FeS2) when oxygen is absent. In the deeper layers or reduced zone pyrite crystals often form. Other minerals found by magnetic separation are Zn, Ni, Cu, and many trace minerals and micronutrients.
The potassium (K) is often found in potassium saturated layers of mica, vermiculite and montmorillonite. Greensand is often considered a clay mineral due to the presence of chlorite, kaolinite, vermiculite, and other clay minerals that may be present.
Greensand is a very heavy mineral with a density of approximately 90 pounds per cubic foot (over 1 ton per cubic yard). The minerals are normally released slowly over time but occur much faster in organic rich soils full of beneficial microbes (microbes produce organic acids as they break down organic matter which facilitates the release of the minerals for plant absorption).
The pH of greensand varies from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline depending on the source and has little effect on soils.

Sources of Greensand
Greensand deposits are found all over the world with the largest and most numerous deposits in the United States and in Great Britain. The original deposits used in Horticulture were from the New Jersey area. In recent years several deposits have been found scattered from East Texas near Lufkin to West of San Antonio and in Arkansas.

Uses of Greensand
Greensand has been used for over 100 years as a natural source of slow release fertilizer and soil conditioner. The slow release of potash and phosphate does not burn plants and the minerals improve the moisture holding properties of soil. The best deposits of greensand contain at least 90% of the mineral glauconite and less than 2-3% clay minerals.
The cation exchange capacities (CEC) of soils were found to increase as the weathering of the greensand increased. The mineral glauconite is used as a water softener and it very beneficial to fight chlorosis in iron deficient soils.
Greensand often has the consistency of sand but is able to absorb 10 times more moisture which makes it a good amendment for use in agriculture and horticulture for many soils types. Greensand does not burn plants and helps for beneficial microbes to grow in the soil. It also has been found to be a good conditioner to help loosen heavy and tight soils and help bind loose soils.
Greensand is often used in compost piles to increase the nutrient content and diversity of beneficial microbes.
Recommended application is 2-4 pounds of greensand per 100 square feet or 1 ton per acre. For potting soils 5-20 pounds per cubic yard can be beneficial.
A field test by Rutgers University in a sandy loam soil with greensand applied in the row at the time of planting, found that the application of greensand increased the yield of potatoes by 16%.
The benefits of greensand, largely unexplained by scientific research are far more than a laboratory analysis would indicate. However numerous greenhouse and field studies have shown significant improvement in the growth of plants. Other studies have shown that the use of greensand improves the taste, color, nutritional value, the health of plants and the health of soils.

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